Abstract

Three-dimensional records of fluctuations in homeostasis, between the left & right hemispheres of the human body while walking forwards, when plotted over 'Time' show the spatial location of these 'on/off' changes in muscle tension to be independent of the action bringing about that propulsion and instead relate to the geophysical environment in which they occur. Further, the shape described by these records is that of an oscillating Standing Wave whose structure displays a harmonic pattern of movement with a dual timing which closely corresponds to key aspects of the orbital cycles of both the Moon-Earth, and the Earth-Sun Systems. Evidence from neuroscience suggests that the muscle fluctuations described are a manifestation of the subconscious vestibulospinal reflex and are balancing reactions resulting from nerve stimulation that stems from continual changes in the gravitational weight of Calcium Carbonate crystals within the otolithic organs. 

Introduction:

"The ability to distinguish sensory inputs that are a consequence of our own actions, from those that result from changes in the external world, is essential for perceptual stability and accurate motor control."

 Roy J.E., and Cullen K.E. 'Dissociating Self-Generated from Passively Applied Head Motion: Neural Mechanisms in the Vestibular Nuclei' Journal of Neuroscience 2004 Mar 3; 24(9) 2102-11 

There is a long history of individuals making claims associated with the vestibulospinal reflex reaction and of them professing to know its cause; in general, they have been rightly criticised and most of their assertions dismissed as unworkable, illogical or as figments of their imagination [1]. The result has been to leave the examination of the actual physical phenomenon so discredited as to render it virtually untouchable by most of the scientific community - despite documentation of its existence spanning centuries. A re-examination of the reflex reaction, without all the accompanying baggage, is long overdue.

Prompted by Underwood's descriptions of the physical reaction, in his book 'Patterns of the Past' (London, Museum Press 1969) - the initial question at the start of this investigation was: 'Why does a change of balance occur in hand/arm muscle tension, between Left and Right hemispheres, when the body is in motion?'

• Was the body reacting to a conscious or unconscious thought and thus, generating an internal 'ideomotor' response? Or…
• Was the internal physical locomotion causing the reaction - by proprioception? Or…
• Was the body reacting to an external stimulus and then producing a 'sensory-motor' response?

The attempt to resolve the question involved tackling it from two directions.

• Top Down: looked at the physical response 'within the body', and attempted to identify which of the above three possible sources were most likely to be bringing about the reaction. This tended to be a rather one-dimensional view.
• Bottom Up: examined the spatial distribution of the reactions, with the intention of seeing either if their location in 2-D, 3-D, or 4-D (Time) could give any indication of a source 'external to the body' likely to be responsible for prompting such stimulation or if such a connection should be dismissed.

The two approaches are summed up in the diagram below (fig.1). 

Fig. 1

Direction No.1 (Top down): One-Dimension.

Having returned many times to the problem of identifying the source of the phenomenon i.e., the imbalance in the sagittal plane of my physical reactions, in tests spanning a preliminary period of more than 30 years, the overwhelming conclusion reached was that it was not being generated by 'proprioception' nor was it 'ideomotor' in origin, but instead that the source was indeed 'external' to me, the subject. 

Moving on from this standpoint, the second stage required identifying which sensory organ was responding to this 'external' stimulus. Rather than postulating on several unlikely senses, examined with sloppy methodology [1], efforts were instead concentrated on those senses widely known and recognised by medical science [2]. There was no evidence to indicate that 'Taste or Smell' was involved, or a direct sense of 'Touch' - and so the chemical spectrum of gases or the physical nature of solids seemed unlikely as source. Thus, if the stimulus was not coming directly from the 'atomic structure' of the external environment, then it was more likely coming from the energy transmitted within it. A sense of temperature - radiant heat or cold – seemed implausible, and an auditory stimulus was ruled out. Therefore, the sense being stimulated was most likely receiving its energy from either the electromagnetic spectrum or the gravitational field. A direct magnetic sense in humans has to date not been found. Admittedly, stimulation of parts of the nervous system governing muscles by an external electrical or alternating magnetic-field will make them move but such stimulation requires a relatively large force and in close proximity (1.0 - 2.5 Tesla; or 10,000 - 20,000 Gauss within 1 cm) [3]. A force of this magnitude is tens of thousands of times more powerful than that existing in the average magnetic field at the Earth's surface (0.22 – 0.67 gauss) [4]. Hence, it was thought unlikely to be the source and led to the conclusion that the external force was most probably stimulating either the visual or vestibular systems, or perhaps both. Thus, the focus was directed towards establishing answers to the following:

· If it was it being sensed visually, was it a consciously generated response to physical objects 'seen' in the immediate environment or was it a subconscious neural reaction to visible electromagnetic wavelengths? [5] [6]

· Or was it a response to non-visible electromagnetic signals not yet recognised by science?

· Or was it a discrete part of the equilibriosensory system - the balancing response to subtle changes in the gravitational field perceived while in motion? A sense already well documented by neuroscientists (Day et al, 1997; Roy et al., 2004; Mian et al., 2014)[7] and experimental biologists (Lipp et al., 2014)[8]

Direction No.2 (Bottom up): Four-Dimensions.

Approaching the problem simultaneously from the opposite direction:

• Would the distribution pattern of my observations made over the period of the study reveal that they were in fact 'random'?
• Or might they have characteristics suggestive of a stimulation source and thereby help identify whether it was primarily electromagnetic or gravitational?

The problem was tackled by looking at the distribution of the reactions in a progressive sequence - beginning with 2-D horizontal space, then moving on to 3-D vertical space, and finally giving consideration to 'Time' by taking into account Speed and Direction. Various alternative possibilities were gradually eliminated, eventually leading to the conclusion that the source behind these reactions was indeed coming from the gravitational field.

The results of this investigation have revealed a dynamic, 4-D Standing Wave structure, oscillating simultaneously in two integrated cycles (10-5 - 10-6 Hz): one corresponding to the Lunar month and the other to the solar year, with a bi-annual change in wavelength from  ≥ 6.50 m at the equinoxes to ≤ 3.25 m at the solstices (see vertical section model below). Identification of such a wave structure and behaviour implies that it must be the product of two sinewaves travelling in opposite directions. This not only confirms certain elements of our present understanding of Geo-gravitational radiation but also adds to it and plugs an observational gap i.e., existing terrestrial based interferometers deal in milliseconds (100 – 104 Hz); while the planned Space Interferometer will be examining oscillations that span seconds and hours (10-4 – 100 Hz); and the current Pulsar Timing Array observes periods lasting many years (10-6 – 10-9 Hz). There are no planned or current projects looking at the 10-5 – 10-6 Hz wave band. This strange omission corresponds to fortnightly, monthly and bi-annual cycles: the actual geo-gravitational wave oscillations shown to exist by this investigation and summarised below.

Vertical Section Scale Model through one of the Oscillating Standing Waves Showing the Bi-annual Cycle

Current Global scale Gravitational Field maps show strength but do not depict wave structure. On the other hand, the LIGO team have confirmed that gravity does behave as a wave (as predicted in theory) and hypothetical models depicting a flexing net have been put forward as a description of gravity's form on a planetary scale; but not in sufficient detail to be able to produce a working model of it at a global scale. The structural form outlined in this paper offers an alternative view of gravitational radiation based on actual observations; one that will hopefully suggest promising new directions for research not only in gravity, but also in several other overlapping fields of interest.

[1] See Hansen, G.P. 'Dowsing: a review of experimental Research'. Journal of the Society for Psychical Research, Vol. 51, No. 792, October, 1982, pp.343-367

[2] Woodworth R, Schlosberg H, 'Experimental Psychology' Methuen & Co, London 1961.

[3] Pashut T., Wolfus S., et al., 'Mechanisms of Magnetic Stimulation of Central Nervous System Neurons' PLoS Computational Biology 2011 Mar., v.7[3].

[4] Merrill R.T., 'Our Magnetic Earth: The Science of Geomagnetism', University of Chicago Press, Chicago & London, 2010.

[5] Wiltschko W, et al., 'Magnetic orientation and magnetoreception in birds and other animals' Journal Comp. Physiology 191: 675-693, Aug. 2005

[6] Hein, C. M., Engels, S., et al., 'Robins have a magnetic compass in both eyes.' Nature 471, E11–E12 2011.

[7] Roy J E, Cullen K E, 'Dissociating self-generated from passively applied head motion: neural mechanisms in the vestibular nuclei'.

[8] Lipp H P, Blaser N, et al., 'Gravity anomalies without geomagnetic disturbances interfere with pigeon homing – a GPS tracking study'. Journal of Experimental Biology. 15 Nov.2014 217, 4057-4067.